Hamlet, Part 6 Applying Literary Criticism Flashcard

Hamlet, Part 6: Applying Literary Criticism

Home to Harlem essays

Home to Harlem expositions Home to Harlem is the narrative of two youthful dark men, Jake and Ray, who endeavor to get by while getting a charge out of all the delights of Harlem during the tallness of the Harlem Renaissance. McKay's tale obviously shows that the Renaissance was something other than a scholarly and imaginative development that experienced childhood in Harlem during the 1910s and 1920s. With his two assorted characters, McKay appears there were a wide range of components making the Harlem Renaissance, from the less-instructed outsider, for example, Jake, who lives basically for joy and self-delight, to the scholarly Ray, who fantasies about being an essayist. He isn't as gluttonous as Jake, and he is torn between the white man's reality, where he doesn't fit in, and the Harlem world, where he doesn't exactly fit in either. Beam embodies numerous blacks of the time, who were attempting to better themselves and ascend above their conditions, while Jake typifies numerous different blacks, who essentially lived for the occasion, and delighted in sex, jazz, and nourishment and drink. Ordinarily, the impression today is that a great many people living in Harlem during the Renaissance resembled Ray, and endeavoring to learn, develop, and make their lives better. McKay needed to show the opposite side of Harlem - the individuals who were not keen on the scholarly resurrection of their neighborhood. They were just keen on the nightlife, the men's clubs, and the inverse sex. There were two unique universes in Harlem, and McKay perfectly investigates For all his absence of instruction, Jake may see life all the more all things considered than Ray ever will. As Ray is going to leave, he talks about their contrasts, and his absence of instruction. He says, And I mighta helped mah li'l sister to get edjucated, as well (she should be a li'l lady, presently), and she would be pleasant talking like you, sweet earthy colored, adequate foh you to hitch up with. At that point we could all settle down and bring in cash like edjucated ... <!

Is SAT Test Preparation Necessary

Is SAT Test Preparation Necessary? Do You Need SAT Test Prep? The National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC) studied the impact of paid preparation for college admissions tests and its impact on student scores. While the study found that student scores did go up, they went up minimally. For some students, a 10-20 point gain in the math section and a 5-10 point gain in the reading section could prove to be fairly significant, particularly when those students want to get into a high stakes school or just barely miss the cutoff for admission or a major scholarship. However, for most students, that amount of difference in scores may not make much of a difference at all. Related Articles What Is the SAT Test? What Is the SAT Test? Guide to the New SAT Changes for Teens Guide to the New SAT Changes for Teens What Is the ACT Test? What Is the ACT Test? Avoid Unofficial Tests In order to raise their SAT scores, students must also have a previous SAT score. While some companies have students take mock tests throughout the program and compare their scores, parents and students should not rely on these tests. After all, many of the companies design their own mock SAT tests and some have been known to doctor their tests to provide lower scores at the beginning of the program and inflated scores at the end of the program to give students a faulty sense of accomplishment. Students who have time to take the SAT multiple times may do best to take the test once on their own before determining whether they need to seek out a test prep course, system, or book to improve their score. SAT Prep Courses, Systems, and Books If you feel you need to prep for the SAT, you have numerous options at your disposal. However, not all options have been created equal. While the NACAC study found that test prep courses and online systems offered the highest gains overall, these options come with a hefty price tag and still only provided modest gains. With every method - courses, test prep systems, and books - some students experience high increases in scores, while others experience no increase at all. Parents and students must look at what each option offers and how it fits in with their overall budget, learning style, and test prep needs.

Hamlets Madness Feigned or Real Essay - 556 Words

One of the most analyzed plays in existence is Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, with its recurring question: â€Å"Is Hamlet’s madness feigned or real?† This question can only be answered through the portrayal of his character when he is associated with the other characters in the play. In Shakespeare’s play Prince Hamlet pretends to insane or mad, in order to thwart and baffle those who prevent him in his quest for revenge. Hamlet poses a viable threat to Claudius throne whether sane or insane, and Hamlets supposed insanity provides justification for detrimental action. Hamlet clearly has some tricks up his sleeve and has well thought out this fabricated madness. To begin, ever since the death of the King, young Hamlet has been what seems†¦show more content†¦Hamlet is explaining to the Horatio that he might seem insane, but does not want him to stop him, for it is his plan to exact revenge upon Claudius. Hamlet hints at this in order to give the reader a better understanding of how he is going to accomplish his devised plan. Rather then immediately acting with vengeance and murdering Claudius, Hamlet decides to take an approach, which satisfies both his principles and ambitions. His false face of a mad man is worn, highlighting a clear indication of the many deceptive faces, which will arise. Through Hamlet’s personal agenda, and his use of actions, he is able to maintain his conscience. He is definitely depressed, but he does not let it get the best of him. Prince Hamlet is still able to display characteristics of a quick-witted and cunning young man. He uses these skills to his advantage in order to ultimately kill the kin g who gained power unjustly. Furthermore, Hamlet uses his ingenuity in front of the Guildenstern one of the King’s moronic spies. After worming out their secret mission from the King, Hamlet lifts the veil for the reader in the words: â€Å" I am but mad north-north-west/When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw† (2.2.402-403). Hamlet is making it clear to Guildenstern that he is only insane at certain times and that he can distinguish between things that do not resemble each other. Unfortunately, for Claudius’s his imbecileShow MoreRelatedThe Madness Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1047 Words   |  5 Pages3 The Madness in Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, madness is a condition which is difficult to identify whether it is genuine or fraudulent. After the encounter with the ghost of Hamlet Sr. and Hamlet, Hamlet decides to put on an antic disposition. But thereafter he decides this, Hamlet s actions embody someone that is truly mad. This is how Shakespeare makes it difficult to determine if Hamlet is truly mad. Although through his feigned actions and the reactions from others the real madnessRead MoreThe Madness Of Hamlet And Ophelia1296 Words   |  6 Pages11 December 2015 The Madness of Hamlet and Ophelia Psychotic behavior is prevalent in Shakespeare’s Hamlet as two of his characters, Hamlet and Ophelia, exhibit madness during the play. The play commences after Claudius killed King Hamlet, leaving him in purgatory. Hamlet, after discovering this fact, feigns madness, which he calls an â€Å"antic disposition† (1.5.192) in his plot for revenge to ultimately free his father. Ophelia, on the other hand, succumbs to madness after the death of herRead MoreThe Profound Impact Of Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet930 Words   |  4 Pagesand the plot. Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother, heavily influences Hamlet’s mindset through her questionable actions during the play. Ophelia, Hamlet’s former lover, has a distinct emotional attachment to Hamlet. She gets caught in the crossfire of Hamlet’s â€Å"antic disposition† and makes Hamlet face the consequences of his actions. Both females are crucial to plot development, and have considera ble influence on Hamlet’s thoughts and actions after close analysis. Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother, exhibits lustfulRead More Hamlets Madness Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHamlets Madness Is Hamlet Mad? Not Likely. Madness is a condition of the mind which eliminates all rational thought leaving an individual with no proper conception of what is happening around him/her. Madness typically occurs in the minds of individuals that have experienced an event or series of events that their mind simply cannot cope with and, thus, to avoid their harsh reality, they fall into a state of madness. In William Shakespeare’s masterpiece Hamlet, there is much debate around theRead MoreHamlet’s Madness in Craft Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIn Act I, Scene V, after hearing the ghost’s demand for revenge, Hamlet says in advance that he will consciously feign madness while seeking the opportune moment to kill Claudius. Therefore, it is hard to conclude that he coincidentally became insane after making such a vow. Hamlet’s supposed madness not only becomes his way of relating to the other characters during the majority of the play, but also that which develo ps his character as throughout the play. Still, the question remains: Is HamletRead MoreIs Hamlet s Madness Genuine Or Feigned?1671 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Avery Mrs. Joyner Honors English IV 17 December 2015 Is Hamlet’s Madness Genuine or Feigned? One of the most controversially discussed themes in William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, is the theme of Hamlet’s madness. Shakespeare left it up to the audience to decide whether he was truly crazy or not. Although, there are many deliberate acts of fabricated insanity repeated throughout the play. Hamlet’s life events such as the death of his father, loving someone he cannot have, andRead More Hamlet’s Madness in Craft Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesIn Act I, Scene V, after hearing the ghost’s demand for revenge, Hamlet says in advance that he will consciously feign madness while seeking the opportune moment to kill Claudius. Therefore, it is hard to conclude that he coincidentally became insane after making such a vow. Hamlet’s supposed madness becomes his primary way of interacting with the other characters during most of the play, in addition to being a major device that Shakespeare uses to develop his character. Still, the question remains:Read MoreHamlet : Revenge, Uncertainty, And Madness1252 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s tragedy play surrounded with three major themes: Revenge, Uncertainty, and Madness. Throughout the play, the theme Madness is surrounding the protagonist, Hamlet. Although, nowadays, Hamletâ €™s madness is still an enigma to the readers. His words and actions are highly debated whether he is deeply submerged in the sea of madness or he is merely acting. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, madness is â€Å"the state of having serious mental sickness, or showing foolish actions and completelyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Ophelia s Struggle And Madness1088 Words   |  5 Pages1 Pregnant with Madness— Ophelia’s Struggle and Madness in Hamlet Yi-Chi Chen Intergrams 11.2(2011): http://benz.nchu.edu.tw/~intergrams/intergrams/112/112-cyc.pdf ISSN: 1683-4186 Abstract Madness in Hamlet is one of the crucial themes for Shakespeare to depict the chaotic turbulence in the Hamlet family and the court of Denmark. Due to Claudius’s usurpation of the Old Hamlet’s crown and queen, characters such as Hamlet, Ophelia, and Gertrude suffer seriously from betrayal, resentment, and enragementRead MoreDear Friend Hamlet Essay947 Words   |  4 Pageshave been witness to your misery, triumph, and madness. I’m unable to tell if it was all an antic disposition? Or if were you really as insane as ‘the sea and the wind,’ both contending to be mightier in the storm? (4.1.7-8). I’ve come to the realisation that not everything that meets the eye is as it appears. A series of lies and manipulation have unravelled before my very eyes, ending in blood shed. Blood that is on my hands as much as it is on Hamlet’s. As his closest confidant, our bond was knitted

Increasing Students Knowledge On Nutrition And Physical...

In this article, according to the authors Slusser, Sharif, Erausquin, Kinsler, Collin, and Prelip, research has proved that children living in poor neighborhoods have higher risks of being overweight and obese compared to children living in upscale neighborhoods. In fact, one-third of children living in poor neighborhoods enter kindergarten either overweight or obese. The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of success of an implemented after-school health promotion program in diverse low-income elementary schools that were in Los Angeles County (LAC). The study focused on increasing students’ knowledge on nutrition and physical activity by providing valuable nutrition education and physical activity†¦show more content†¦The study involved 121 volunteer kindergarten students aged between 6 to 11years old. Within the sample, 48 students (27 female, 21 male) were part of the comparison group and 73 students (43 female, 30 male) were part of the intervention group. With regard to ethnicity, 60% of the total 121 volunteer students were Asian, 25% Hispanic, and 15% Others. The participants (both from the comparison and the intervention group) completed a series of questionnaires about their knowledge and behaviors on nutrition and physical activity at baseline (from September to June). The researchers’ al so collected data on the height and weight of the students from the beginning through the end of the academic year. The participants completed a series of three questionnaires. The Catch Kids Club Questionnaire, which was modified to measure the influence of the program on kindergarten students’ physical activity knowledge, perception, and behaviors. The Day in the Life Questionnaire was designed to evaluate students’ nutrition intake. Lastly, the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall was used to measure students’ physical activity habits. Researchers, in order to measure the level of students’ physical activities setup the questionnaires in a form of multiple choice, Yes or No, previous day behavior, and total daily

Methodological Auditing and Assurance Research MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Methodological Auditing and Assurance Research. Answer: Introduction: The management of business firm HIH Insurance Limited needs to evaluate different business risk that is associated to the firm. The lack of capacity to retain customers, high financial risk, decrease in financial capability as well as over trading of certain activities are some of the most common business risks that the companies face. The current analysis is essentially based on given case study on the firm HIH Insurance Limited. Analysis refers to evaluation of the functionalities of the firm HIH Insurance Limited that helps in analysing business risk of the firm. This in turn can help in conduction of proper judgement for the future period. On scrutiny, it can be observed that the business enterprise HIH Insurance limited encounters challenge of aggressive competition as well as implementation of costly strategies in the future period (Basu 2016). This study aims to analysis the current state of the corporate governance of the firm before the breakdown. This essentially requires i nvestigation of signals as given by the managerial authority in the process of determination of different activities for encountering challenging scenario. Again, the main concentration is mainly on investment of different shareholders and finances provided by different policyholders, this in turn, can help in detection and supervision of diverse asset risk. In addition to this, the investment strategy of the firm HIH Insurance Limited can be evaluated for assessment of the business risk that can essentially stem from underwriting performance. This can occur owing to different reinsurance policies compounded from asset risk for future purpose. This also makes certain neutral influence from diverse investment results gathered from risk profile referred to as the HIH Board. In essence, these attributes can be noted as the investment guidelines of the company. Intrinsically, the Investment Committee intends to frame strategic asset allocation suggestions. Current procedures involve cer tain limitations along with exclusions on different asset classes as supervised by the FAI. Addition to this, the Investment Committee also meet up quarterly in a formal manner for the purpose of assessing present process of allocation of assets (Eilifsen et al. 2013). List of several inherent risk factors that can affect HIH at the financial report level Integrity of administration of the business- In case if the administration of HIH Insurance Limited lacks integrity, then this can lead to poor status or else bad reputation of the firm specially in the business arena (Simnett et al. 2016). Expertise and experience in management, thorough knowledge along with alteration for stated period- In essence, it is vital to take into account factors such as immaturity of administration along with deficiency of knowledge extensively impacts the process of preparation of pecuniary report. Pressure on administration of organization- There are times when incentives for administration leads to erroneous presentation or else misstatement in the pecuniary declarations. In essence, this includes attributes namely cash flow issues, improper operating outcomes along with improper liquidity presentation (Simnett et al. 2016). Nature as well as characteristics of concerned business- The company HIH Insurance Limited has more than a few prospective benefits that can help in instituting reputation along with consistent revenue basis essentially for particular cases of inherent risk. Nature of business entity affects the capital structure strategies. However, this leads to augmentation of inherent risk for specific transactions with different sovereign party (Junior et al. 2014). Facts and findings of pertinent court cases that Anderson needs to refer to for determination of the likelihood of the partnership being liable to: HIH Insurance Limited primarily concentrates on different operational exercises of the Royal Commission for knowing different accounting factors. Arthur Anderson accomplished the external audit task of the firm since the period 1971 to the starting of the period of collapse during the year 2001. The clientele are hereby probable to acquire guidance concerning several audit risk subject to different cases as well as common regulations (Prakash and Sivakumar 2014). Essentially, evaluators play a significant role in the process of maintenance of effective control that in turn can help in avoiding errors as well as diverse mistakes. As per the case Pacific Acceptance Corporation Limited against the Forsyth, it can be hereby said that opinions of the evaluators essentially depend upon financial reports that need to be in compliance with requisite standards as well as laws of accounting. In addition to this, an appraiser also need to view at definite points concerning performance of duties in normal course of time. This can be related to operations of Kingston Cotton Mill that indulges in due care intelligence for analysis in the upcoming period. Again, auditors also need to take into account different debtors as well as creditors for any kind of assistance for utilizing different financial pronouncements (Bdard and Courteau 2015). Conditions that need to exist for existing negligence actions to be upheld Different conditions that need to exist for negligent actions are as mentioned below: Appraisers encounters certain difficulties that can be associated to the computer informational risk. This involves considerable alterations in computer information risk concerning conversion of novel systems (William Jr et al. 2016) Inappropriate allocation of financial resources is a condition or attribute in existing negligent cases. Essentially, members of the staff need to have requisite skills to carry out the operational actions at the firm Lack of support of the business entity along with poor focus in the final procedure of audit occurs in different negligent cases There is also huge amount of depend on essentially the computer informational risk. This risk is required for supporting different core businesses of the firm for specific operational context for higher inherent risk Auditors might fail to assess certain notions or else misstatements in financial statements because of negligence or else due to shortage of time (William Jr et al. 2016) Reliability along with intricacies lead to risks of commitment of diverse errors as well as misrepresentations simultaneously HIH can hire experienced assessors who have the potential to minimize the risks encountered by business concerns. Assessors might make use of different disclaimers that can helps in limiting liabilities from annual financial reports of the corporation HIH Insurance Limited. Particularly, these type of cases call for the need of proper attention by assessors and this can turn can lessen negligence (William Jr et al. 2016) Reasons behind HIH hiring prior members of external audit team The company HIH Insurance Limited appoints members for the audit teams for diverse reasons. Majority of prior members of external audit teams are essentially acclimatized to the operations of the corporation HIH Insurance Limited. Again, assessors need to have adequate experience for satisfying the financial concerns of the associated business concerns. However, administration of HIH Insurance Limited has the opportunity to function with assessors for development of strong association with the firm. However, in certain case if any erstwhile auditor become client, then there occurs risk that can be related to interdependence strategies (DeFond and Zhang 2014). Nevertheless, it might happen that former assessors are acquainted and are friends with the existing assessors for years and operating together simultaneously. Thus, present assessors are of the opinion that earlier assessors have great integrity and this characteristic cannot lead to any type of fraudulent actions. Advantages of having the same firm providing both the auditing as well as consulting services Auditing as well as consulting services by different external assessors plays significant role of senior consultant that can help in savings of cost. As such, the assessors intends to deliver exclusive solutions for different difficulties. Again, assessors also have the need for acquirement of knowledge and advise diverse solutions to probable clients. In addition to this, accountability of the assessor that can render effective consultancy facilities to different potential clients (Ren et al. 2015). Essentially, the assessors can become familiar with different financial actions at the business corporation HIH Insurance Limited. Circumstances that represent a violation of ethics standards The business concerns HIH Insurance Limited needs to abide by ethical regulations while undertaking functional actions in an appropriate manner. The major type of risk includes augmented inherent risk that stems from kind of relationship that are in line with trading partners. This essentially leads to different risks that occurs from recording of different financial transactions that are carried out for initiation of business actions of HIH Insurance Limited. In itself, pervasive business risk includes certain attributes namely, technical capability that is required by workforce (Knechel and Salterio 2016). Administration of HIH Insurance is accountable for arrangement as well as preparation of precise and at the same time fair reports explaining financial position of the business concern. In essence, corporate governance can be referred to as a scheme along with procedure that sticks to corporations that is monitored over different prudential actions. This helps in preserving integ rity operations over internal control framework at particularly HIH Insurance Limited. According to the Ramsay Report as well as CLERP 9, definite suggestions are put forward for improvement of auditing function. This necessarily renders arrangement of annual reports with necessary as well as warranted corporate revelations (Knapp 2016). Declaration from assessment committee recommends ways different matters concerning non-audit services can be taken into account. So far engagement is concerned, partner as well as review partner serve for a time period of around 5 years and are carefully chosen as Managers. As such, the suggestions offer distinct understanding of exclusive auditing operations for forthcoming financial years. Professionals from around the world habitually consider in providing assessment services grounded on financial declarations. Enhancement of the assessment functions helps in examining positive impacts for numerous auditing actions in the upcoming period (Furnham and Gunter 2015). Thus, it can be hereby inferred that the business concern HIH Insurance Limited encounters business risk similar to any other accounting firms. Qualified and professional assessors can effortlessly resolve as well as provide professional assistances to all the clienteles that in turn can aid in the process of accomplishment of impending goals of the firm. So it can be hereby mentioned that the given case study concentrates primarily on explaining corporate disclosures dimensions that are essentially consigned by the firm HIH Insurance Limited. In addition to this, this study also lists down more than a few inherent assessment risk facets that in turn can help in successful application of plans in the future in a proper manner. References Basu, S.K., 2016.Auditing Assurance. Pearson Education India. Bdard, J. and Courteau, L., 2015. Benefits and costs of auditor's assurance: Evidence from the review of quarterly financial statements.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(1), pp.308-335. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Furnham, A. and Gunter, B., 2015.Corporate Assessment (Routledge Revivals): Auditing a Company's Personality. Routledge. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: a historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Knapp, M.C., 2016.Contemporary auditing. Nelson Education. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Prakash, M. and Sivakumar, D., 2014. Information systems auditing and electronic commerce.International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences,3(2), pp.106-119. Ren, Y.J., Shen, J., Wang, J., Han, J. and Lee, S.Y., 2015. Mutual verifiable provable data auditing in public cloud storage.,16(2), pp.317-323. Simnett, R., Carson, E. and Vanstraelen, A., 2016. International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues, and Opportunities.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(3), pp.1-32. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Female Ageism in the Philippines on Media and Television Essay Example

Female Ageism in the Philippines: on Media and Television Paper Female Ageism in the Philippines: on Media and Television A Formal Paper in Broadcast Communication 10 Abstract Ageism is a social disease that stereotypes the older people with the younger, or sometimes preference with the younger. Television and media has a responsibility in shaping this thought. This paper will explain how beauty is perceived as a factor for ageism, as well as gender discrimination. Two senior citizens were interviewed on what are their thoughts and feelings on how their idols’ roles changed from time to time, and subjects such as Gina Pareno, Jean Garcia were among their chosen idols. Ageism still exists in modern times today due to cultures and rational means. What adjustments could we do to resist from this discrimination? Societal influences and attitudes must change. The information in my report are gathered through research and interviews and some are subjective based. Introduction Ageism or age discrimination is defined as the stereotyping and prejudgment of people against individuals or groups due to their age[1]. The term was invented by US gerontologist Robert N. Butler to describe discrimination against seniors and patterned on sexism and racism[2]. Ageism is clearly visible to different societies, especially in the Philippines. On the other hand, sexism or gender discrimination is the act of labeling people based upon their sex rather than their individual traits and can also be the differentiation based on the sex of the individual. We will be focused more on age discrimination and gender discrimination on Philippine television and media. Gender and age are closely correlated upon being discriminated, and mostly women are the victims of these two phenomena. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Ageism in the Philippines: on Media and Television specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Female Ageism in the Philippines: on Media and Television specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Female Ageism in the Philippines: on Media and Television specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Why is that, when a much older woman is paired with a younger and handsome man is much more controversial than an older man, paired or had a relationship with younger and sexy women? These are just some question we ought to wonder and will try to find the answer with. We will first take a focus on the type of ageism will take notice of and discuss. That specific type of ageism: Jeunism and Adultism There are different types of ageism, and the ones’ we will be more concerned are jeunism and adultism. Jeunism is the tendency to prefer young people over older people. This includes political candidacies, commercial functions, and cultural settings where the supposed greater vitality or physical beauty of youth is more appreciated than the supposed greater moral and intellectual rigor of adulthood[3]. An example of this is making it illegal to fail to employ, to dismiss, or to reduce working conditions or wages of people aged 40–69, or a individual approach, preferring the younger or beautiful protagonist rather than a mature or old woman, and sometimes disgusted when paired to a younger partner. On the contrary, adultism, is that concept, where a predisposition towards adults, which some see as biased against children, youth, and all young people who arent addressed or viewed as adults. Adultism is popularly used to describe any discrimination against young people and is distinguished from ageism, which is simply prejudice on the grounds of age; not specifically against youth. Adultism is ostensibly caused by fear of children and youth. [4]. Conflicting to this, is when a star like Iwa Moto, a teenager given a role of a mature, is now being accepted and but sometimes rejected by the viewers. We will see their reactions later in the discussions. Factors that Shaped Ageism There are many theories that speculate on how ageism was developed, and shaped, and why the society has a negative image of it. Ageism grew and grew from societies and these are just some reasons behind it: The first factor that was postulated was the fear of death in the Western society. The Philippines, being colonized by western countries along time ago, adapted these ideas and cultures. As death is feared, old age is feared, and hypothesizes that ageism attitudes and stereotypes serve to insulate the young and middle-aged from the ambivalence they feel towards the elderly. This ambivalence results from the fact that the older adult is viewed as representing aging and death. This represents the most commoly argued basis for ageism. Another judging factor was postulated by Traxler(1980) to contribute to ageism is the emphasis on the youth culture in American society. For example, the media, ranging from television to novels, place an emphasis on youth, physical beauty, and sexuality. Older adults are primarily ignored or portrayed negatively (Martel, 1968; Northcott, 1975). The emphasis on youth not only affects how older individuals are perceived but also how older individuals perceive themselves. Persons who are dependent on physical appearance and youth for their identity are likely to experience loss of self-esteem with age. Society and culture also contribute to ageism. A society that values beauty, also values that to have or achieve beauty, one has to be young. There are some cultures that admire aged, describing wrinkles and silver hair as signs of wisdom, experience and maturity. However in the Philippines, it is highly regarded that the young ones are the beautiful ones. Productivity in our culture is most often defined as economic potential and how much you can give back to your society economically. Therefore, both young children and the elderly are usually viewed as unproductive. Children however are seen as â€Å"economic potential†. The elderly is seen as an economic burden or a financial liability. Gender and Ageism Women make up majority of the population, and due to this fact generalizations were made where, stereotypes with the older women traditionally stereotyped as inactive, unhealthy, asexual, and ineffective (Block et al, 1981). This can generally be countered as women averagely live longer than men, and must be that they are healthier than the men. Older women are also often viewed as ineffective, dependent, and passive. This represents an extension of the view of all women being ineffective, passive, and dependent, i. e. , sexism (Block et al. , 1981). Often times, women will find this role difficult to shake. This is particularly true for an older women whose sole identification has been with her husband (Payne Whittington, 1976). This image of the older woman can also be a self-fulfilling prophecy, particularly for new widows who are finding it difficult to deal with independence (Block, et al. , 1981). In addition, as female, women continue to experience sexism during old age and are placed, thus, in double jeopardy. How Youth is Promoted by the Media: Television In the form of the most influential and effective way of advertising, television, we are shaped unconsciously with ageism. Television and media promotes models, actors and actresses and stress to make the point of view of the viewers to show what is beautiful, the youth. There are only few commercials concerning aged women where they are put in the line on the activities of the young. It was perceived as unacceptable, even for the aged for older women according to my respondent, Mrs Rossana Reyesthat if Gloria Diaz were to advertise a product of like, Likas Papaya soap, would be less effective than seeing Kristine Hermosa doing the commercial. Moreover, according to Mrs. Luz Fe Ortiz, my other respondent, youth is more favored to be entertaining, but in some instance like her idol Ms Gina Pareno can exhibit such humor that even youth can accept her. She has appoint, where I researched that mostly the aged women are the ones’ being made fun of with such jokes that deal with death, decline, sexual inability. There are also negative depictions like being rigid, less open-minded, grumpy as seen in movies and soap operas. Responses and Feedbacks of Aged Females: I first interviewed Mrs. Rosanna Reyes( 52 years old), a nanny of our neighboring house, and an avid television viewer. Her favorite actress was Jean Garcia, and stated that she admires her because of her youthful beauty even though she is as old. She watched over her career in movies as well as the hit series Pangako Sayo, where Jean played as the antagonist. I asked her that if she was in favor of the current relationship of Jean Garcia with Polo Ravales, who was more than ten years younger than Jean, 13 to be exact. She said â€Å" I don’t really buy it, but I am against it, she doesn’t fit her as a lover anyway, I would prefer the lights of Richard Gomez or Aga Mulach being paired to her, but if she likes him then I have no grudge against her, after all she is my idol. I asked her what is her standpoint in ageism and replied sarcastically: â€Å"Sakitin kasi ang mga matatanda kaya pangit ang pagtingin†(Majority of the aged are sick and has unstable health, that is sometimes viewed and stereotypes them as unclean to the eyes) My second respondent was Mrs. Luz Fe Ortiz(63 years old), my friend and neighbors’ grandmother. Also an avid fan of television, and also accepts the modern style of television today. She cited that her favorite actress was Gina Pareno and Gloria Diaz, and was greatly impressed with Pareno’s role in her latest movie Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo where Pareno received awards for. She higly viewed that the aged today are very effective in comedy, as they are funnier (Dolphy) than the younglings(Bayani Agbayani) and has sense in their jokes. She was greatly entertained in the role of Pareno in the movie and stated that even if she was paired with a younger man, she was able to pull it off, and stand out, and as well be not disgusted upon. Mrs. Ortiz added that age does not really matter, and sometimes the older ones are the better ones due to their experience and work in their fields. However, both of my respondents arrive to a similar thought. The young ones are less ineffective in portraying a mature role, than an order actress playing a hippy or youth oriented character. They cited actresses such as Iwa Moto(Super Twins), Shaina Magdayao(Lobo) and Marian Rivera(Super Twins) due to their outside appearance as teenagers. Also they said that the face of their innocence speaks louder than their acting. Conclusion: Does Age Really Matter? What can we do? As we have covered, age really does matter, but depends upon concept and context. Ageism is highly cultural, or even worse, traditional. But I have realized and listed some things that we could do to minimize such discrimination: Ageist attitudes can be decreased with constant exposure and by working with older adults. The increase in older adults may help in an increase of positive attitudes in society. Personal contact with elders is a great way to change negative attitudes. Individuals need to identify their personal attitudes as ageist. Admitting a prejudice is the first and most difficult step towards change. A lot of work and studies still need to be done in the area of ageism. Many studies are inconclusive and remain incomplete. The media could help in achieving this, and last but not least, the current society’s influences and attitudes must change. References: 1. Nelson, T. (Ed. ) (2002). Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice against Older Persons 2. Kramarae, C. and Spender, D. (2000) Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Womens Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. p. 29. 3. Jeunism. Date accesed: March 13, 2008. from:http://encyclopedia. farlex. com/Jeunism 4. Scraton, P. (1997) Childhood in crisis? Routledge. p. 25. 5. Hypothetical Basis of Ageism. Date accesed: March 13, 2008 :http://www. webster. edu/~woolflm/ageismtheory. html 6. Ageism and Culture. Date accesed : March 13. 2008: http://www. deal. org/content/index. php? option=com_contenttask=viewid=585Itemid=690