History of Brazil Essay Example for Free

History of Brazil Essay It is a matter of fact that Brazil is a country of contrasts. One can easily observe that the development of this nation is incredibly uneven. Taking into consideration their past experience, the Brazilians are seeing some very good times as a nation. Certainly, they have overcrowding problems. However, each country has its own difficulties and tries to overcome them. Thus, the diversity of this country and its amazing history has brought a â€Å"mixing bowl† of culture preparing a bright future for Brazil. It is widely known that four major groups make up the Brazilian population. They are the Portuguese, who colonized Brazil in the 16th century; Africans brought to the country as slaves; various European, Middle Eastern, and Asian immigrant peoples who have settled in Brazil since the mid-19th century; and indigenous people of Guarani and Tupi language. (Skidmore, 131) Brazil is the only Latin American nation that takes its language and culture mainly from Portugal. Intermarriage between indigenous people or slaves and the Portuguese was a common phenomenon. Despite the fact that the major European ethnic culture of Brazil was once Portuguese, waves of immigration have greatly contributed to a diverse ethnic and cultural heritage. Admiral Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazilian territory for Portugal in 1500. The early explorers brought back a wood with them that produced a red dye, pau-brasil. This is where the land received its original name. Portugal began colonization in 1532 and made the area a royal colony in 1549. During the Napoleonic Wars, fearing the advancing French armies, King Joao VI left the country in 1808 and set up his court in Rio de Janeiro. He was brought home later in 1820 by a revolution, leaving his son as regent. When Portugal wanted to reduce Brazil to colonial status again, the prince declared Brazils independence on Sept. 7, 1822. Thus, he became Dom Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his Parliament, Pedro I resigned in 1831 in favor of his five-year-old son who became emperor Dom Pedro II in 1840. Emperor Pedro II ruled to 1889 when a federal republic was established as a result of a coup detat organized by Deodoro da Fonseca, marshal of the army. A year earlier, while Dom Pedro II was in Europe, the Regent Princess Isabel had abolished Slavery. Abreu, 311) Dom Pedro II was a popular monarch. Yet discontent grew up and, in 1889, he had to resign because of a military revolt. Although a republic was proclaimed at that time, Brazil was ruled by military dictatorships until a revolt allowed returning gradually to stability under civilian presidents. From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democr acy. The presidency was alternating between the dominant states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais. This period ended with a coup detat that placed a civilian, Getulio Vargas, in the presidency. He remained as a dictator until 1945. From 1945 to 1961, presidents of Brazil became Eurico Dutra, Vargas, Juscelino Kubitschek, and Janio Quadros. When Quadros abdicated in 1961, he was succeeded by Vice President Joao Goulart. (Abreu, 329) Goularts years in office were marked by high inflation, total economic failure, and the increasing influence of radical political parties. The armed forces alarmed by these developments organized a coup detat on March 31, 1964. The coup leaders chose Humberto Castello Branco a president, followed by Arthur da Costa e Silva (1967-69), Emilio Garrastazu Medici (1968-74), and then Ernesto Geisel (1974-79). All of them were senior army officers. Geisel began a liberalization that was carried further by his successor, General Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (1979-85). In the last of a long series of military coups, General Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo became president in 1979. He pledged a return to democracy in 1985. Figueiredo not only allowed the return of politicians exiled or banned from political activity during the 1960s and 1970s, yet also permitted them to run for state and federal offices in 1982. (Alden, 284) However, at the same time, the Electoral College consisting of all members of Congress and also six delegates chosen from each state continued its activities of choosing the president. The election of Tancredo Neves on January 15, 1985, the first civilian president since 1964, brought a nationwide wave of optimism and activity. He was elected from the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). (Alden, 287) However, when Neves died on April 21, Vice President Sarney became president. The latter was widely distrusted because he had previously been a devoted member of the military regimes political party. Collor de Mello won the election of late 1989 with 53% of the vote in the first direct presidential election in his 29 years. (Abreu, 378) Mello promised to lower the persistent hyperinflation by following the path of free-market economics. Having faced impeachment by Congress because of a corruption scandal in December 1992, Mello finally resigned. Vice President Itamar Franco took his place and assumed the presidency. Fernando Cardoso, a former finance minister, won the presidency in the October 1994 election having 54% of the vote. He took office on January 1, 1995. (Skidmore, 232) Cardoso has organized the disposal of bad government-owned monopolies in the electrical power, telecommunication, port, railway, mining, and banking industries. His timely proposals to Congress included constitutional amendments in order to open the Brazilian economy to greater foreign participation and to implement such sweeping reforms as social security, government administration, and taxation so as to reduce excessive public sector spending and considerably improve government efficiency. Alden, 298) During his short time in the office, Cardosos economic wisdom has made a measurable progress in overcoming Brazils poverty level. It is remarkable to observe how the Brazilian government makes certain efforts in order to address basic needs of its people such as education, distribution of meals, health care, and the promotion of childrens rights. Co-signed by the President of Brazil and 24 state governors, the Pact for the Children is intended to fully implement the constitutional and legal obligations providing for protection of children and adolescents. Several federal agencies supervise the execution of government programs for children and adolescents aimed to give Brazilian youth opportunities for a better life, shelter, education, and love. Thus, if not forgetting about the past mistakes and taking care of its nation, the Brazilians will surely come to the brightest future.

An essay on alduous huxley :: essays research papers

An essay on Alduous Huxley The subject of Alduous Huxley is a controversial issue. At one stage or another, every man woman or child will be faced with the issue of Alduous Huxley. While it has been acknowledged that it has an important part to play in the development of man, there are just not enough blues songs written about Alduous Huxley. Inevitably Alduous Huxley is often misunderstood by the upper echelons of progressive service sector organisations, who just don't like that sort of thing. Keeping all of this in mind, in this essay I will examine the major issues. Social Factors Society is a simple word with a very complex definition. When blues legend 'Bare Foot D' remarked 'awooooh eeee only my dawg understands me' [1] he was clearly refering to the impact of Alduous Huxley on today's society. Much has been said about the influence of the media on Alduous Huxley. Observers claim it cleary plays a significant role amongst the developing middle classes. Our post-literate society, more than ever before, relies upon Alduous Huxley. It grows stonger every day. Economic Factors We no longer live in a world which barters 'I'll give you three cows for that hat, it’s lovely.' Our existance is a generation which cries 'Hat - $20.' We will study the Spanish-Armada model, a lovely model. Transport Costs Alduous Huxley Clearly the graphs demonstrates a strong correlation. Why is this? My personal view is that transport costs sings a very different tune. Perhaps to coin a phrase Alduous Huxleyeconomics will be the buzz word of the century Political Factors No man is an island, but what of politics? Comparing current political thought with that held just ten years ago is like comparing night and day. Consider this, spoken at the tender age of 14 by the famous political Achilles Shandy 'Man's greatest enemy is complacency with regards to personal and political hygiene.' [2] Considered by many to be one of the 'Founding Fathers' of Alduous Huxley, his words cannot be over-looked. If I may be as bold as to paraphrase, he was saying that 'political ideals are built on the solid cornerstone of Alduous Huxley.' Is Alduous Huxley politically correct, in every sense? An essay on alduous huxley :: essays research papers An essay on Alduous Huxley The subject of Alduous Huxley is a controversial issue. At one stage or another, every man woman or child will be faced with the issue of Alduous Huxley. While it has been acknowledged that it has an important part to play in the development of man, there are just not enough blues songs written about Alduous Huxley. Inevitably Alduous Huxley is often misunderstood by the upper echelons of progressive service sector organisations, who just don't like that sort of thing. Keeping all of this in mind, in this essay I will examine the major issues. Social Factors Society is a simple word with a very complex definition. When blues legend 'Bare Foot D' remarked 'awooooh eeee only my dawg understands me' [1] he was clearly refering to the impact of Alduous Huxley on today's society. Much has been said about the influence of the media on Alduous Huxley. Observers claim it cleary plays a significant role amongst the developing middle classes. Our post-literate society, more than ever before, relies upon Alduous Huxley. It grows stonger every day. Economic Factors We no longer live in a world which barters 'I'll give you three cows for that hat, it’s lovely.' Our existance is a generation which cries 'Hat - $20.' We will study the Spanish-Armada model, a lovely model. Transport Costs Alduous Huxley Clearly the graphs demonstrates a strong correlation. Why is this? My personal view is that transport costs sings a very different tune. Perhaps to coin a phrase Alduous Huxleyeconomics will be the buzz word of the century Political Factors No man is an island, but what of politics? Comparing current political thought with that held just ten years ago is like comparing night and day. Consider this, spoken at the tender age of 14 by the famous political Achilles Shandy 'Man's greatest enemy is complacency with regards to personal and political hygiene.' [2] Considered by many to be one of the 'Founding Fathers' of Alduous Huxley, his words cannot be over-looked. If I may be as bold as to paraphrase, he was saying that 'political ideals are built on the solid cornerstone of Alduous Huxley.' Is Alduous Huxley politically correct, in every sense?

Development Of Agriculture In Southwest Asia And East Asia

Southwest Asia is a region surrounded by seas and mountains and lies at the crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia. Southwest Asia was the center of development of the earth’s civilizations. Towns emerged on the plains of Mesopotamia and highlands of Iran and Anatolia by 7000BC and some of these became centers of chiefdoms. The first efforts to form empires are documented and are used by archaeologists from different countries to reveal the processes that gave rise to these successively more complex socio-political systems. This varied geographical and climatic setting of south west Asia encompasses the natural habitats of wild plants and animals which were the first to be domesticated. The area was conducive for farming as well for hunting-gathering since its annual rainfall was over 250mm. Environmental changes occurred during the period between 11,000-9600 BC and recovery took 50 years. (Human Past 2005).  Plant and Animal Domestication Plant domestication – Southwe st Asia was very conducive for plant domestication especially wild legumes and cereals. The main domesticated cereals were wheat, rye and barley which began in the early aceramic period. This domestication was evidenced by plant species rye in abuhureyra, Jordan valley and southern Syria. Cultivation was intensified during the Neolithic period, which was around 8800 BC, during this time the climate was conducive and population had grown.Hunting and Herding – Southwest Asia’s potential for animal domestication was evidenced from the long-lived settlement sites and may have occurred after plant domestication at around the transition period of earlier and later Neolithic(World Archaeology 2007). The domesticated goats have been found in Ganj Dareh in Iran, sheep and pigs in turkey and northern Syria.Mixed Farming Economies: More settlements emerged during the period of between early and later a ceramic Neolithic period. The demographic theory which states â€Å"that the rise in population following the end of ice age forced people to adopt agriculture† seems to hold water although an agreement is yet to be reached (Human Past 2007).The Evidence of Ali Kosh: Ali Kosh lies in areas which are conducive for wild resources and domesticates (World Archaeology 2007). Successive strata indicate permanent and large buildings as well as increased cultivated and wild plants. The oasis theory which states that â€Å"The relationship between humans and environment is the key reason for agricultural development,† comes forth. Also there were few ecotones for supporting sedentary hunters-gatherers but many locations for domesticated species especially in the sites of hureyra, catalhoyuk and ain Ghazab.Social Exchange and Networking: This is the feasting hypothesis which argues that the desire for new things, new states, respect and recognition as well as ability to throw feasts led to development of agriculture in this region. Due to the fact that th e obsidian and marine shells were found hundred of kilometers from their sources serve as an evidence of exchange networks where communities are believed to have kept and used a proportion of the obsidian acquired and then exchanged the remaining for gifts to be given as tokens during parties. Part.2. Agriculture in East Asia.The Pleistocene- Holocene transition occurred in East Asia between about 14,000-6000BC. Climatical changes also made the plants and animals to change making the hunters-gatherers to begin harvesting and propagating new plants. Between 8000-6000BC farming differed in two areas, in the south, wild rice was domesticated while in the central china region millet was the major domesticated grain. During the last ice age (36,000-10,000BC), hunters-gatherers lived in open cares and river terraces in the yellow river region, presence of arrow needs at the sites was an evidence of hunting cattle and wild sheep whose bones were present.More wild millet seed resources arou nd shunwangpin, xveguan and shizitan, menjiaquan and nanzh vangton were evidence of farming. Although there are not true transitional sites to reveal adoption of agriculture by hunter-gatherers, there are many sedentary Neolithic villagers since 6000 BC. Cultural transformation is however evidenced by permanent villages, houses and inhuman cemeteries. Store jewelry, polished axes, wooden and bone spades were an indication of social strata at sides like dadiwan, cishan and peiligang.  Growth of Agricultural CommunitiesMillet farming in yellow river region intensified resulting into social complexity and formation of states. The yangshao culture in the loess plateau of central plains and dawenkon culture to the east emerged. The yangshao culture varied regionally but their sites share semi-subterranean house, millet storages and ceramics. While dawenkou culture concentrated around the lower yellow river valley and is attributed with population densities and social ranking. There gro wth of agriculture In these two cultures is supported by the oasis theory, Demographic theory and The hilly flanks hypothesis Sedentary settlements with increasing number of cemeteries and grave goods like fenshan bao and hujiawuchang around the rice cultivation region of yangzi river valley are sites that reveal conditions in early Neolithic(Human Past 2005).Between 4500-3300 BC villages increased and spread. Settlement was chosen near dry wetlands in order to facilitate the creation of wet rice fields. Houses were rectangular and made of clay, bamboo leads and rice husks and these villagers were referred to as the Daxi culture (World Archaeology 2007). Domestication of animals was evidenced from the identification of plowing at around 4 millennium BC. Presence of boat and sea faring technology support the believe of family along water routes. The major sites include chengtoushan and Daxi.Historical linguistics is one of the major methods that may have been used to test the idea of migration and expansion movements of farmers. This is evidenced by the presence of several languages and language families in East Asia.   These languages are divided into five linguistic blocks which include; austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong Mien, Kadal with Tai and Sino-Tibetan (World Archaeology 2007). Three of the major branches of Austronesian family are in eastern India, Vietnam and south in the islands o Indian Ocean. Wordings of the languages over east and Southern Asia are believed   to have originated from Asian main land (Human Past 2005). Archaeological evidence for the origin and spread of rice agriculture and crafts such as weaving supports this belief.Part 3.Comparing and ContrastingDevelopment of agriculture in southwest Asian and East Asia corresponds with the growth of human population as well as environmental changes. Early theorists argue that the growth of human population resulted to food shortage and hence introduction of domestication of both wild and domesticated plants and animals. Development of agriculture in both regions is supported by evidence produced by the achaeobotanists and archeozooligsts.The beginning of agriculture also corresponds with the reduction in the range of food eaten. This is because in most of the farming societies identified in the two regions, south west Asia and East Asia they grew one or two plant species on which they relied very heavily and equally then domesticated a small range of animals whereas the hunters-gatherers had a wide range of foods that they collected or hunted in their local environment. It is therefore evident that the hunters and gatherers in both regions consumed a good diet than the farmers due to variety.The oasis theory â€Å"the hilly franks hypothesis† which suggests that other than occupying a particular ecological region/niche, where plants and animals could flourish, the transition in agriculture in both south west Asia and East Asia, the shift to agriculture also i nvolved changes in human cognition and people developed, skills needed for successive farming. This was evidenced by emergence of complex social villages, which involved permanent housing, improved technology, and presence of storage pins.Demographic theory is also evident in both regions as to have been the driving force behind adoption of agriculture. This is because during the beginning of agriculture, there were population/demographic increase and environmental changes. People were forced by these external forces to invent/adapt agriculture. Theorists also argue that societies played a significant role in the domestication. This is because of social status. Cultivation may have been adopted in southwest Asia to provide food and drink to be consumed during competitive feasting and this is the feasting hypothesis.Evolution and intentionality hypothesis is supported by the belief that hunters-gatherers were organized through kinships that had flexible membership whereas the farmers had larger groups that were institutionalized with social destinations and due to these complexity there were accumulation of goods and hence population growth as well technological advancement. However, the development of agriculture in both regions deferred in that in southwest Asia was between the end of epipaleolithic and Pleistocene periods while in East Asia. It began during the Pleistocene Holocene transition period. Also in East Asia there was existence of many cultures unlike in South West Asia.Agricultural development began at the end of the last glacial age where wheat and barley were the first domesticated plants. Researchers argue that population growth and climatical changes were the major factors for adoption of agriculture but there are minimal evidences to support the argument since agriculture is labor intensive as compared to hunting and gathering. However, evolution social status, and emulation are other factors behind the development of agriculture other than p opulation growth and climate changes.References:Scarre Chris (2005), the human past. United Kingdom accessed online on 26/09/07http://www/thamesandhudsonusa.com/web/humanpast/links/index.htmlPerkins Phil. (2007), World Archaeology. United Kingdom, Audio CD transcript. (Track2) p6-14Assessment Booklet,  © 2007.World Archaeology: United Kingdom pp 4-6Perkins Phil (2007). World Archaeology Study Guide. (A251) the Open UniversityUnited Kingdom pp 16-17

Transgender - 1370 Words

Transgender/Transsexual Olivia Warehime Tarleton State University ABSTRACT A transgender is someone that believes that their gender does not match their anatomy that they were born with. Transgender believes that they’re in someone else’s body. For example someone that was born a male believes he’s a female and vice versa. Keyword: heterosexism, LGBT, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Prevention Why are people transgender? ACN, S. (2011, February 27). Health experts believe that being transgender is caused by many different things, but do not know exactly how a person becomes transgender. Then expects believe it’s a functions. Being transgender is not supply a matter of choice. Understanding what it means to be transgender†¦show more content†¦All of a sudden stop in the hormone intake and produce high rates of depression and emotional mood swings and occasionally suicidal feelings. When being transgender the main cause of depression is social predicament or social accepetence. essentially people expect one another to be and act like a boy or girl. Transgender adults or teens are much more likely to have suicidal thoiughts, they in not finding a partner, not fitting in with the gender they are. The best way to deal woith the depression of being transgender is to surround yourself with people who accent people being different. Transgender face all types of discrimination in nearly every aspect of their lives. Transgender are the target of rules crimes. They are victims or subtle discrimination, which is everything from rude glances on glares to disprovable invasive questions about their body. Transgender are not allowed to join the military and also face discrimination an ones work. Twenty to fifty percent of transgender said they face employment decimation, including being fired, denied a promotion or a job in general or even being harassed. Lawsuits claiming discrimination based on ones gender identity can be costly to the employer and there reputation. Transgender are harassed and discriminated at schools as well as work places. Reports show that while in grade k-12 78% of alarming harassment rates, 35% of physical assault and 12% of sexual violence. TransgenderShow MoreRelatedTransgender Prisoners And Transgender Inmates Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesAmongst the inmates mistreated, transgender prisoners are challenged in many ways with abuse, misconduct, and discrimination. Transgender individuals are people who do not identify themselves with the gender that was assigned at birth. The high-risk profile of being a transgender inmate in prison strikes for deep concern and something needs to be done. II. Purpose of paper Prison personnel have not been doing much to secure the safety and well-being of transgender inmates. Some even engage in theRead MoreTransgender Bedrooms And Transgender Bathrooms1028 Words   |  5 PagesTransgender Bathrooms Throughout the years, views of life have changed. Our laws have become more strict. Now they are trying to pass the transgender bathroom law.Why would this law need to pass? What people will it help? If the law does pass it isn’t going for very long, and it isn’t going to be a good thing. What do other people think about this law. If people really want the transgender bathroom law to pass, just maybe this will change that. Transgender bathrooms are dull and unsafe. What kindRead MoreTransgenders2381 Words   |  10 PagesDEFINITIONS According to Hagg and Fellows (2007:4), sex generally refers to anatomy and biology such as male or female, whereas gender refers to the qualities and behaviours society expects from a boy or girl, a man or woman. The definition of transgender refers to a person having no identification with, or no presentation as, the gender one was assigned at birth (Hagg and Fellows 2007:4). The definition of transsexual in Hagg and Fellows (2007:4) refers to a person who had undergone a sex changeRead MoreTransgender Rebuttal : On Being Transgender794 Words   |  4 PagesTransgender Rebuttal: Hello there, I’m James Warmbier. I have to disagree with your sectionalism essay on being transgender. I disagree with this because transgender people are human beings just like us. They should not be judged for what they do with their bodies. In my opinion, it’s just another form of racism. And this country has way too much of that already. Unfortunately, in your life, there will be a lot of things that creep you out. 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Gender neutral bathrooms allows safety for those who are not only transgender, but also a part of the LGBTQ community, etc. but itRead MoreThe Transgender Community1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe transgender community should have the right to use the restroom of the gender they identity with or have an alternate choice, some people many agree that is would be a dangerous liability, but some people may even agree to proving gender neutral restrooms. In dangerous of a person of the opposite sex using the restroom they prefer are very obvious, but is every person out to cause dangerous to other people in the restroom. Some people’s gender evolves differently, and might not fit rigid traditionalRead MoreHistory of Transgender9448 Words   |  38 PagesA time-line of transgender identities.  © 1999 Drs. 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